Phonology Resume

• Phonology is the study of phones or speech sounds.
• Phonology terdiri dari 2 : Phonetics (the study of how to produce speech sounds (the mechanism of producing speech sounds)), Phonemics (the study of the phoneme (the pattern /system of speech sounds).
• Phoneme : satuan bunyi terkecil yg bisa membedakan arti.
• Phoneme is the smallest or minimal unit of sound capable of making a difference in meaning.
• A Vowel sound : Any speech sound that has three basic features, namely oral, voiced, central, free air passage, continuous airstream. In production a vowel the air passes out freely throughout the mouth, which implies that the air does not meet any stoppage. All vowels sounds are principally produced by the vibration of the vocal cords (getaran pita suara), which are situated in the larynx
• Vowel sound are classified and described on the basis of the following variables:
a. Which part of the tongue is raised; (bagian lidah mana yg diangkat)
b. How high in the mouth some part of the tongue is raised (the degree of raising the tongue) (seberapa tinggi)
c. The position of the two lips, that is, whether the two lips are rounded or unrounded. (rounded pasti back vowel, unrounded pasti front vowel)
• Classification of consonants :
a. The place where the optium obstruction take place, which is called the place of obstruction or point of articulation; for instance, the obstruction may be formed by the two lips, or by the tip of the tongue and the upperteeth. (the place of articulation)
b. The way in which the air is obstructed by the articulators. This variable is called the manner of obstruction or type of articulation; the air may be partially or completely obstructed by the organs of speech; or it is completely obstructed in the mouth but is free to pass out through the nose.
c. The activity of the vocal cords, that is whether the obstruction of the air above the larynx is accompanied by the vibration of the vocal cords or not. When it is, the consonant is said to be voiced, and when it is not, it is said to be voiceless.
• Consonants are the sounds produces with some or complete obstruction at the air passage.
• Types of consonants based on place of obstruction:
a. Bilabial consonants: in which the obstruction is formed by the two lips, e.g /p,b,m,w/; the term bilabial indicates that two lips are used to obstruct the air.
b. Labio-Dental consonants: in which the air is obstructed by the lower lip against the upper teeth; e.g /f,v/
c. Apico-Dental or just dental consonant: in which the air is obstructed by the tip or apex of the tongue and the upper teeth; e.g./ /
d. Alveolar consonants; in which the obstruction is formed by some part of the tongue either the tip or blade of the tongue and teeth-ridge or gum..e.g the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge /t,d,n,l/(tip-alveolar), e.g.the blade of the tongue against the teeth-ridge /s,z, / (blade-alveolar consonants)
e. Palatal or front palatal consonants: in which the air is obstructed by raising the front of the tongue in the direction of the hard palate.e.g /y/
f. Velar or back-velar consonants, in which the obstruction of the air is formed by raising the back or dorsum of the tongue against the soft palate or velum ; e.g /k, g, / (dorsovelar consonants)
• Suspicious Pair : /b/ /p/ , because there’s no consistence in alphabet letters (karena huruf alphabet tidak konsisten dalam membacanya), maka muncullah phonetic sysbol seperti …… ε, Λ, ә dll
Contoh: the letter “U” can be pronounced (may represent)
- /Yu/ In word University
- /U/ In word Put
- /Λ/ In word but
- / ә/ In word Upon
• When we study speech sounds as sounds, without regard to their function as signaling units of language, the science is called Phonetics.
• When we study speech sounds with a view to finding out the significant units of sounds in a given language, the science is called Phonemics.
• Phonetics is divided into two kinds, namely ‘Articulatory Phonetics’, and ‘Acoustic Phonetics’.
• Articulatory Phonetics studies speech sounds from the point of view of their ways of production by speech organs. It deals with the ways in which the speech organs are moved for the production of speech sounds.
• Acoustic Phonetics studies speech sounds from the point of view of their physical attributes, and deals among others with measuring the loudness, pitches, and other natural characteristics of sounds.
• The study and classification of the phonemes of a language is called Phonemics.
• The study of contrasting speech sounds is called Phonemics.
• Phonemes are sounds which contrast in the same environment.
• Utterances which differ from each other by one phoneme are called MINIMAL PAIRS.
• BIN n PIN are a minimal pair.
• Allophone : variation of sounds.